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Papal diplomatics is the scholarly and critical study (diplomatics) of the official documents of the Papacy. ==History== The authenticity of papal Bulls, alongside royal charters, and other legal instruments, became a matter of concern in the Middle Ages. The Papal Chancery saw control of documents and precautions taken against forgery. Pope Gregory VII refrained even from attaching the usual leaden seal to a Bull for fear it should fall into unscrupulous hands and be used for fraudulent purposes,〔Dubitavimus hic sigillum plumbeum ponere ne si illud inimici caperent de eo falsitatem aliquam facerent. - Jaffé-Löwenfeld, "Regesta", no. 5225; cf. no. 5242.〕 while Pope Innocent III issued instructions with a view to the detection of forgeries.〔See Migne, ''Patrologia Latina'', CCXIV, 202, 322, etc.〕 An ecclesiastic of the standing of Lanfranc has been seriously accused of conniving at the fabrication of Bulls,〔H. Böhmer, "Die Fälschungen Erzbischof Lanfranks", 1902; cf. Liebermann's review in "Deutsche Literaturzeitung", 1902, p. 2798, and the defence of Lanfrane by L. Saltet in "Bulletin de litt. eccl.", Toulouse, 1907, 227 sqq.〕 the need of some system of tests is obvious. But the medieval criticism of documents was not very satisfactory even in the hands of a jurist like Pope Alexander III.〔See his comments on two pretended privileges of Popes Zacharias and Leo, Jaffé-Löwenfeld, "Regesta", no. 11,896.〕 Though Laurentius Valla, the humanist, was right in denouncing the Donation of Constantine, and though the Magdeburg Centuriator, Matthias Flacius, was right in attacking the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, their methods, in themselves, were often crude and inconclusive. The modern discipline of diplomatics really dates only from the time of the Benedictine Dom Jean Mabillon (1632–1707), whose fundamental work, ''De Re Diplomatica'' (Paris, 1681), was written to correct the principles advocated in the criticism of ancient documents by the Bollandist, Daniel Papebroch. Scholars including Barthélemy Germon (1663–1718) and Jean Hardouin in France, and, to a lesser degree, George Hickes in England, rejected Mabillon's criteria; but all that has been done since Mabillon's time has been to develop his methods and occasionally to modify his judgements upon some point of detail. After the issue of a ''Supplement'' in 1704, a second, enlarged and improved edition of the ''De Re Diplomatica'' was prepared by Mabillon himself and published in 1709, after his death, by his pupil, Thierry Ruinart. This pioneer work had not extended to any documents later than the thirteenth century and had taken no account of certain classes of papers, such as the ordinary letters of the popes and privileges of a more private character. Two other Maurists, Dom Toustain and Dom Tassin, compiled a work in six large quarto volumes, with many facsimiles etc., known as the ''Nouveau Traité de Diplomatique'' (Paris, 1750–1765). It was a small advance on Mabillon's own treatise, but was widely used; and was presented in a more summary form by François Jean de Vaines, and others. With the exception of some useful works specially consecrated to particular countries,〔e.g. Maffei, ''Istoria diplomatica'' (Mantua, 1727), unfinished; and Muratori, "De Diplomatibus Antiquis", included in his ''Antiquitates Italicae'' (1740), vol. 3.〕 as also the treatise of Luigi Gaetano Marini on papyrus documents,〔''I papiri diplomatici'' (Rome, 1805)〕 no great advance was made in the science for a century and a half after Mabillon's death. The ''Dictionnaire raisonné de diplomatique chrétienne'' by Maximilien Quantin, which forms part of Migne's ''Encyclopedia'', is a digest of older works; and the sumptuous ''Eléments de paléographie'' of de Wailly (2 vols, 1838) has little independent merit. In the second half of the 19th century the field was active, with the names of Léopold Delisle, the chief librarian of the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, M. de Mas-Latrie, professor at the Ecole de Chartres, and Julius von Pflugk-Harttung, the editor of a series of facsimiles of papal Bulls. A calendar of early papal Bulls began appearing from 1902, the results of researches of P. Kehr, A. Brackmann, and W. Wiederhold, in ''Nachrichten der Göttingen Gesellsehaft der Wissenschaften''. Papal regesta were published, especially by members of the Ecole Française de Rome. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Papal diplomatics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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